1 00:00:09,580 --> 00:00:07,720 hello everybody and welcome to this 2 00:00:11,169 --> 00:00:09,590 week's Hubble hang out my name is Tony 3 00:00:13,690 --> 00:00:11,179 Darnell and I work at the Space 4 00:00:15,400 --> 00:00:13,700 Telescope Science Institute it makes me 5 00:00:17,080 --> 00:00:15,410 very happy to welcome you all back to 6 00:00:19,750 --> 00:00:17,090 our Hubble hangouts here because you 7 00:00:22,330 --> 00:00:19,760 guys have been feeling giving us all 8 00:00:23,980 --> 00:00:22,340 kinds of great feedback and just it's 9 00:00:25,359 --> 00:00:23,990 just been amazing that we were just 10 00:00:27,339 --> 00:00:25,369 talking before the Hangout this is we've 11 00:00:29,170 --> 00:00:27,349 been doing this for two years now so 12 00:00:30,279 --> 00:00:29,180 every week we try to bring you new 13 00:00:33,459 --> 00:00:30,289 science from the Hubble Space Telescope 14 00:00:35,740 --> 00:00:33,469 and we are here today with yet another 15 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:35,750 example of that this week astronomers 16 00:00:40,170 --> 00:00:37,730 using both the Spitzer Space Telescope 17 00:00:43,180 --> 00:00:40,180 and the Hubble Space Telescope have I 18 00:00:45,040 --> 00:00:43,190 have been looking at your galaxy 19 00:00:47,740 --> 00:00:45,050 clusters and they have found something 20 00:00:49,090 --> 00:00:47,750 interesting in there that ordinarily 21 00:00:52,389 --> 00:00:49,100 they do not find I'm not going to give 22 00:00:55,389 --> 00:00:52,399 it away yet because the I have the 23 00:00:57,670 --> 00:00:55,399 astronomers tell you all about it so now 24 00:00:59,500 --> 00:00:57,680 this is ordinarily the time when I start 25 00:01:01,119 --> 00:00:59,510 giving out announcements and stuff but I 26 00:01:03,729 --> 00:01:01,129 don't have any so because I don't think 27 00:01:05,350 --> 00:01:03,739 anything yeah all that interesting was 28 00:01:08,320 --> 00:01:05,360 going on so i'm not going to pass it on 29 00:01:11,380 --> 00:01:08,330 to you guys but i would like to invite 30 00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:11,390 you guys to leave questions and comments 31 00:01:14,830 --> 00:01:13,130 throughout the throughout the hangout 32 00:01:15,850 --> 00:01:14,840 and we will read them throughout and i'm 33 00:01:17,200 --> 00:01:15,860 going to have scott tell you about that 34 00:01:20,800 --> 00:01:17,210 in just a minute but first i have to 35 00:01:23,950 --> 00:01:20,810 introduce my partners in crime dr. carol 36 00:01:25,990 --> 00:01:23,960 christian who joins the HST project 37 00:01:29,050 --> 00:01:26,000 outreach scientist hi Carol also don't 38 00:01:33,819 --> 00:01:29,060 know also joining me is almost a doctor 39 00:01:37,060 --> 00:01:33,829 dr. Scott Lewis no notice Scott Lewis 40 00:01:38,380 --> 00:01:37,070 from the from another cosmos calm and 41 00:01:40,030 --> 00:01:38,390 play great many other places around the 42 00:01:41,740 --> 00:01:40,040 internet he's driving the drive the 43 00:01:43,719 --> 00:01:41,750 internet force during these hangouts and 44 00:01:45,219 --> 00:01:43,729 why don't you tell everybody's got how 45 00:01:47,440 --> 00:01:45,229 they can interact with us yeah 46 00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:47,450 absolutely so the best and easiest way 47 00:01:51,130 --> 00:01:49,250 for you to interact with us is using the 48 00:01:52,539 --> 00:01:51,140 Q&A app so what we're live right now 49 00:01:54,340 --> 00:01:52,549 you'll see on the bottom left of your 50 00:01:56,440 --> 00:01:54,350 screen some yellow text saying that we 51 00:01:58,510 --> 00:01:56,450 are answering questions I've got it 52 00:02:00,880 --> 00:01:58,520 loaded up Tony's got it loaded up if you 53 00:02:03,010 --> 00:02:00,890 have any questions for us and our guests 54 00:02:06,010 --> 00:02:03,020 or even some comments about that you can 55 00:02:07,420 --> 00:02:06,020 ask that in there and you can even +1 56 00:02:09,100 --> 00:02:07,430 you can bump them up so if there's a 57 00:02:10,630 --> 00:02:09,110 question out there that that you like 58 00:02:12,490 --> 00:02:10,640 and you want to have answer you can go 59 00:02:14,380 --> 00:02:12,500 ahead and recommend that and we can 60 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:14,390 select it when it's live and let 61 00:02:18,400 --> 00:02:16,010 people know that we are answering that 62 00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:18,410 question is going on you can also 63 00:02:22,300 --> 00:02:20,330 comment on youtube and also on google 64 00:02:24,309 --> 00:02:22,310 plus we have a facebook event for this 65 00:02:26,410 --> 00:02:24,319 as well and the other great way for 66 00:02:27,820 --> 00:02:26,420 interacting up with us is over on 67 00:02:29,860 --> 00:02:27,830 twitter so as you see my lower third 68 00:02:32,830 --> 00:02:29,870 here we have the hubble hang out hashtag 69 00:02:34,360 --> 00:02:32,840 so I've got Twitter up right now over in 70 00:02:36,940 --> 00:02:34,370 tweetdeck and we'll be answering 71 00:02:39,670 --> 00:02:36,950 questions and i'll be live tweeting as 72 00:02:42,790 --> 00:02:39,680 we're going on so just either at mention 73 00:02:44,949 --> 00:02:42,800 Hubble telescope or use the hashtag 74 00:02:47,050 --> 00:02:44,959 Hubble hang out and we will get your 75 00:02:50,080 --> 00:02:47,060 questions and reply to them during the 76 00:02:52,810 --> 00:02:50,090 show and would also i want to remind you 77 00:02:54,370 --> 00:02:52,820 guys that you know it happens about it 78 00:02:56,259 --> 00:02:54,380 starting to happen more often now people 79 00:02:58,240 --> 00:02:56,269 are telling me that they can't find the 80 00:03:00,699 --> 00:02:58,250 Hangout and the best way to find it is 81 00:03:03,190 --> 00:03:00,709 to subscribe to us on hubble site 82 00:03:04,690 --> 00:03:03,200 channel on youtube and that will alert 83 00:03:06,490 --> 00:03:04,700 you when the ones are coming out live 84 00:03:08,290 --> 00:03:06,500 but you guys should know by now every 85 00:03:10,780 --> 00:03:08,300 thursday at three o'clock eastern 86 00:03:12,729 --> 00:03:10,790 daylight time we are here doing Hubble 87 00:03:13,960 --> 00:03:12,739 hangouts and so you should always check 88 00:03:15,729 --> 00:03:13,970 out the channel there you could also 89 00:03:17,500 --> 00:03:15,739 follow us like Scout said on ADD Hubble 90 00:03:19,330 --> 00:03:17,510 telescopes those are the two easiest 91 00:03:21,220 --> 00:03:19,340 ways to find out about these hangouts 92 00:03:22,990 --> 00:03:21,230 and you know you want to find them 93 00:03:25,509 --> 00:03:23,000 because they're becoming world famous I 94 00:03:28,650 --> 00:03:25,519 was looking at the demographics the 95 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:28,660 other day Hubble huggers huh blurs 96 00:03:33,699 --> 00:03:31,010 Hubble Alex whatever you want to call 97 00:03:35,830 --> 00:03:33,709 yourselves oh if you guys are all over 98 00:03:37,270 --> 00:03:35,840 the world watching these hangouts and I 99 00:03:38,830 --> 00:03:37,280 think I know why we were talking about 100 00:03:40,960 --> 00:03:38,840 this also before the Hangout you know 101 00:03:44,050 --> 00:03:40,970 why because where else in the entire 102 00:03:47,110 --> 00:03:44,060 internet are you going to learn what the 103 00:03:51,220 --> 00:03:47,120 mass of a blue giant star is in units of 104 00:03:54,039 --> 00:03:51,230 cow Wow trailer or the energy of a crazy 105 00:03:57,009 --> 00:03:54,049 idea of the energy of a quasar in units 106 00:03:58,660 --> 00:03:57,019 of ant push-ups these are the kinds of 107 00:04:01,720 --> 00:03:58,670 things folks we made us tautomers do in 108 00:04:03,009 --> 00:04:01,730 the past where i get it entire internet 109 00:04:06,750 --> 00:04:03,019 are you going to find something like 110 00:04:13,150 --> 00:04:06,760 that going our guests have just left yes 111 00:04:16,630 --> 00:04:13,160 we we make you guys earn your degrees 112 00:04:18,880 --> 00:04:16,640 right as I i yes it's great to everybody 113 00:04:20,560 --> 00:04:18,890 else and just I just want to comment I 114 00:04:23,860 --> 00:04:20,570 don't know why people can't find helpful 115 00:04:26,120 --> 00:04:23,870 hangouts it's called google I know I'm 116 00:04:30,310 --> 00:04:26,130 Hubble hang out 117 00:04:33,110 --> 00:04:30,320 like five links youtube to our website 118 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:33,120 chopping so looks great by the still 119 00:04:36,980 --> 00:04:34,410 nevertheless people say they search for 120 00:04:41,690 --> 00:04:36,990 can't find it so I'm trying to help them 121 00:04:42,890 --> 00:04:41,700 in any way I can put your diet yeah you 122 00:04:45,110 --> 00:04:42,900 know what I'm going to do in the next 123 00:04:47,420 --> 00:04:45,120 and the next uh exoplanet hang out i'm 124 00:04:50,720 --> 00:04:47,430 going to ask the guest to tell me how 125 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:50,730 many chewed up pieces of gum with it 126 00:04:53,900 --> 00:04:52,530 would fit in a Neptune size exoplanet 127 00:04:55,910 --> 00:04:53,910 that's what I want to know next so stay 128 00:04:59,770 --> 00:04:55,920 tuned folks will find all that out this 129 00:05:04,100 --> 00:04:59,780 week yeah that might be an estimate 130 00:05:05,660 --> 00:05:04,110 black people so this week we have a very 131 00:05:07,100 --> 00:05:05,670 interesting hang out in store for you 132 00:05:08,420 --> 00:05:07,110 and if I haven't scared away my guess 133 00:05:11,480 --> 00:05:08,430 although I feels like i have almost 134 00:05:12,590 --> 00:05:11,490 scared away one of them already I don't 135 00:05:14,780 --> 00:05:12,600 worry we're not going to make you do any 136 00:05:18,110 --> 00:05:14,790 weird calculations this week unless I 137 00:05:19,640 --> 00:05:18,120 will I'll making you on it okay I was 138 00:05:22,880 --> 00:05:19,650 gonna be nice but you know Scott's I've 139 00:05:25,220 --> 00:05:22,890 never known as well as I mentioned at 140 00:05:27,740 --> 00:05:25,230 the top of the hangout astronomers using 141 00:05:29,570 --> 00:05:27,750 both the Spitzer Space Telescope and 142 00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:29,580 Hubble and I guess the Canada France 143 00:05:35,990 --> 00:05:31,610 Hawaii telescope which is on the ground 144 00:05:37,580 --> 00:05:36,000 in Hawaii we're looking at this galaxy 145 00:05:39,290 --> 00:05:37,590 cluster and they found something they 146 00:05:41,630 --> 00:05:39,300 looked at something they found things 147 00:05:43,160 --> 00:05:41,640 that's surprising I'm gonna let you I'm 148 00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:43,170 gonna let them describe what that is but 149 00:05:47,660 --> 00:05:44,610 before i do i've got introduced and with 150 00:05:49,730 --> 00:05:47,670 me is dr. tracy web she is from mcgill 151 00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:49,740 university astronomer in montreal height 152 00:05:54,350 --> 00:05:52,050 weight tracy and welcome thank you very 153 00:05:55,670 --> 00:05:54,360 much also joining me as dr. allison 154 00:05:58,400 --> 00:05:55,680 noble she is from the university of 155 00:05:59,720 --> 00:05:58,410 toronto and adam buzzing from cambridge 156 00:06:02,660 --> 00:05:59,730 welcome to both of you guys it's good to 157 00:06:05,600 --> 00:06:02,670 have you on our hangout thank you hello 158 00:06:07,250 --> 00:06:05,610 okay so let's get started by the way we 159 00:06:11,890 --> 00:06:07,260 really appreciate them being here 160 00:06:14,930 --> 00:06:11,900 visiting us from Italy oh really 161 00:06:17,600 --> 00:06:14,940 conference and Italy oh you're you're in 162 00:06:19,760 --> 00:06:17,610 Italy right now yeah oh yes we had to 163 00:06:23,420 --> 00:06:19,770 clear a very business network yeah we 164 00:06:26,030 --> 00:06:23,430 could be having a glass of wine you 165 00:06:27,880 --> 00:06:26,040 don't know i knows he didn't stop you 166 00:06:30,020 --> 00:06:27,890 from having a glass of wine that's right 167 00:06:31,730 --> 00:06:30,030 in fact we're gonna probably come up 168 00:06:33,680 --> 00:06:31,740 with a word for a drinking game soon so 169 00:06:34,909 --> 00:06:33,690 you might want to you might want to stay 170 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:34,919 it would not be a first time you've had 171 00:06:41,630 --> 00:06:39,530 a drinking game drinking espresso shots 172 00:06:47,480 --> 00:06:41,640 which is the last thing any of us need 173 00:06:49,250 --> 00:06:47,490 right now ok so today we put out on on 174 00:06:51,170 --> 00:06:49,260 Hubble side and as well as went out into 175 00:06:53,570 --> 00:06:51,180 the internets in general a press release 176 00:06:55,430 --> 00:06:53,580 that was announcing some of these 177 00:06:56,780 --> 00:06:55,440 findings some of these observations so 178 00:06:58,940 --> 00:06:56,790 Tracy I think I'd like to start with you 179 00:07:00,680 --> 00:06:58,950 but I also want to we always wait too 180 00:07:03,700 --> 00:07:00,690 long to put up images so Scott if you'd 181 00:07:06,110 --> 00:07:03,710 go ahead and put up this image this is a 182 00:07:07,490 --> 00:07:06,120 galaxy cluster and Tracy can you 183 00:07:11,270 --> 00:07:07,500 describe a little bit what we're looking 184 00:07:15,710 --> 00:07:11,280 at here yeah so what you're seeing is I 185 00:07:18,350 --> 00:07:15,720 guess a side-by-side image the obviously 186 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:18,360 but i'll just make it clear that the 187 00:07:22,550 --> 00:07:20,490 image on the right hand side is a zoom 188 00:07:26,780 --> 00:07:22,560 in of the image on the left hand side 189 00:07:30,530 --> 00:07:26,790 and the image on the left hand side is a 190 00:07:32,770 --> 00:07:30,540 close-up of this galaxy cluster that 191 00:07:36,590 --> 00:07:32,780 myself and my collaborators discovered 192 00:07:38,360 --> 00:07:36,600 you can see a lot of the wall we can 193 00:07:40,330 --> 00:07:38,370 explain what a galaxy cluster is in a 194 00:07:43,640 --> 00:07:40,340 minute but it's essentially a 195 00:07:47,120 --> 00:07:43,650 conglomeration of many many galaxies 196 00:07:50,330 --> 00:07:47,130 held together in in space by their own 197 00:07:52,970 --> 00:07:50,340 pullet mutual gravity you can see we can 198 00:07:54,920 --> 00:07:52,980 see a lot of the clusters there the 199 00:07:59,330 --> 00:07:54,930 cluster member sorry shown as kind of 200 00:08:02,510 --> 00:07:59,340 red galaxies now but the thing that we 201 00:08:05,330 --> 00:08:02,520 were really surprised to see is that 202 00:08:08,810 --> 00:08:05,340 funny J shaped object that seems to run 203 00:08:10,820 --> 00:08:08,820 in between two of those kind of red 204 00:08:13,100 --> 00:08:10,830 galaxies which is highlighted on the 205 00:08:14,240 --> 00:08:13,110 right hand side ok I want to let's get 206 00:08:15,860 --> 00:08:14,250 to that in just a minute but let's go 207 00:08:17,150 --> 00:08:15,870 back to what let's just let's take a 208 00:08:18,470 --> 00:08:17,160 step back and you were already on the 209 00:08:20,930 --> 00:08:18,480 right track by describing what these 210 00:08:23,600 --> 00:08:20,940 galaxies clusters are what is the name 211 00:08:27,260 --> 00:08:23,610 of this thing and has a name that I'm 212 00:08:31,700 --> 00:08:27,270 afraid to say it is called sparks 10 49 213 00:08:35,240 --> 00:08:31,710 plus 56 ok and it's called that for what 214 00:08:39,620 --> 00:08:35,250 reason it's called that because it was 215 00:08:41,810 --> 00:08:39,630 discovered as part of a search or a 216 00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:41,820 survey for galaxy clusters which is 217 00:08:46,270 --> 00:08:43,650 called sparks and Adam can tell you a 218 00:08:49,550 --> 00:08:46,280 lot about sparks because that's his baby 219 00:08:50,280 --> 00:08:49,560 sparks stands for the Spitzer adaptation 220 00:08:53,519 --> 00:08:50,290 of the 221 00:08:56,280 --> 00:08:53,529 sequence cluster survey i love i love 222 00:09:02,069 --> 00:08:56,290 acronyms like that is acronym within the 223 00:09:06,120 --> 00:09:02,079 name be kids right acronyms all the way 224 00:09:07,499 --> 00:09:06,130 down recursive acronym so yes sparks is 225 00:09:11,189 --> 00:09:07,509 the name of the survey that it was found 226 00:09:15,300 --> 00:09:11,199 with him and then 10 49 plus 56 is just 227 00:09:17,730 --> 00:09:15,310 a short handle for its coordinates 228 00:09:18,930 --> 00:09:17,740 celestial coordinates in the sky you 229 00:09:20,309 --> 00:09:18,940 guys say it that way when you're in like 230 00:09:22,769 --> 00:09:20,319 meetings and stuff to go you know that i 231 00:09:25,199 --> 00:09:22,779 was looking at sparks 10 49 plus 56 and 232 00:09:26,730 --> 00:09:25,209 i saw so for the longest time they were 233 00:09:28,620 --> 00:09:26,740 just calling it Tracy's cluster which I 234 00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:28,630 really liked oh that's really good 235 00:09:36,600 --> 00:09:34,810 Tracy's cluster yeah but we probably 236 00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:36,610 designed after the show make sure you 237 00:09:42,329 --> 00:09:41,170 okay in short we call it 10 49 okay well 238 00:09:43,860 --> 00:09:42,339 Tracy's con we're going to call it 239 00:09:46,680 --> 00:09:43,870 Tracy's cluster on this hangout now so 240 00:09:50,579 --> 00:09:46,690 Tracy's cluster it has according to the 241 00:09:53,189 --> 00:09:50,589 president has 27 galaxies in it and it's 242 00:09:55,920 --> 00:09:53,199 pretty massive how many how many sons 243 00:09:59,519 --> 00:09:55,930 would that be well so first of all it 244 00:10:01,259 --> 00:09:59,529 we've only confirmed 27 oh there may be 245 00:10:03,389 --> 00:10:01,269 more than there's probably lots more 246 00:10:05,430 --> 00:10:03,399 because it's it takes a long time on a 247 00:10:08,250 --> 00:10:05,440 telescope even just to get one member 248 00:10:10,800 --> 00:10:08,260 confirmed so we've confirmed 27 but 249 00:10:14,519 --> 00:10:10,810 there's probably lots more probably I'm 250 00:10:18,180 --> 00:10:14,529 sure you know many hundreds but in terms 251 00:10:24,809 --> 00:10:18,190 of the overall mass of the cluster we 252 00:10:27,720 --> 00:10:24,819 estimate it to be a few so in scientific 253 00:10:35,220 --> 00:10:27,730 speak a few times 10 to the 14 solar 254 00:10:38,460 --> 00:10:35,230 masses report into the 14 so 10 to the 9 255 00:10:41,879 --> 00:10:38,470 is a billion and this is 10 to the 14 256 00:10:44,699 --> 00:10:41,889 sons okay that includes you know all of 257 00:10:46,829 --> 00:10:44,709 the galaxies all of the gas and all of 258 00:10:49,679 --> 00:10:46,839 the dark matter so we are into the 259 00:10:51,740 --> 00:10:49,689 trillions and it is and these things are 260 00:10:54,090 --> 00:10:51,750 pretty far away then right that's right 261 00:10:56,160 --> 00:10:54,100 roughly according about 10 billion light 262 00:10:57,809 --> 00:10:56,170 years and for those of you who want to 263 00:11:00,120 --> 00:10:57,819 see it in the sky you have to look in 264 00:11:01,730 --> 00:11:00,130 the constellation of Ursa Major so 265 00:11:03,550 --> 00:11:01,740 that's sort of what we're talking about 266 00:11:05,200 --> 00:11:03,560 so 267 00:11:06,670 --> 00:11:05,210 Adam let me ask you about the spark what 268 00:11:09,100 --> 00:11:06,680 is the spark survey then was that 269 00:11:11,790 --> 00:11:09,110 something that is looking at the this 270 00:11:14,230 --> 00:11:11,800 the word survey tends to imply an entire 271 00:11:17,260 --> 00:11:14,240 looking at big areas of the sky is that 272 00:11:20,050 --> 00:11:17,270 what it's doing yeah actually so sparks 273 00:11:22,720 --> 00:11:20,060 used a combination of data from the 274 00:11:25,269 --> 00:11:22,730 Spitzer telescope and the Canada France 275 00:11:27,490 --> 00:11:25,279 Hawaii telescope and basically the way 276 00:11:29,769 --> 00:11:27,500 that what we did is we took pictures of 277 00:11:31,990 --> 00:11:29,779 the sky over a fairly large area from 278 00:11:34,120 --> 00:11:32,000 both of those telescopes and the idea is 279 00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:34,130 that if you want to find very distant 280 00:11:39,790 --> 00:11:36,650 galaxies clusters the galaxy's that you 281 00:11:41,740 --> 00:11:39,800 find in them tend to be very red and so 282 00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:41,750 you look for things that are sort of 283 00:11:46,150 --> 00:11:43,730 very red when you take pictures between 284 00:11:48,519 --> 00:11:46,160 Canada France and Spitzer and if you can 285 00:11:50,860 --> 00:11:48,529 find those and they're all so bright and 286 00:11:53,140 --> 00:11:50,870 in big clumps those tend to be galaxy 287 00:11:54,670 --> 00:11:53,150 clusters that are very very far away so 288 00:11:56,500 --> 00:11:54,680 the point of sparks was to find these 289 00:11:58,060 --> 00:11:56,510 kind of things very distant galaxy 290 00:12:01,090 --> 00:11:58,070 clusters you know amongst the most 291 00:12:02,769 --> 00:12:01,100 distant that we can possibly find okay 292 00:12:03,670 --> 00:12:02,779 and I want to I'm Tracy I want to come 293 00:12:05,680 --> 00:12:03,680 back to you in a minute about this 294 00:12:08,140 --> 00:12:05,690 getting these things confirmed members 295 00:12:09,550 --> 00:12:08,150 of the galaxy note 4 duelists Carol let 296 00:12:11,020 --> 00:12:09,560 me get you I'd like to get you to tell 297 00:12:12,820 --> 00:12:11,030 you said before we started you know a 298 00:12:15,430 --> 00:12:12,830 lot about the Canada France Hawaii 299 00:12:16,210 --> 00:12:15,440 telescope and Spitzer so why don't you 300 00:12:19,780 --> 00:12:16,220 tell us a little bit about these 301 00:12:22,060 --> 00:12:19,790 instruments what I like so this spitzer 302 00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:22,070 is a space telescope which is one of the 303 00:12:28,060 --> 00:12:25,010 great observatories like Hubble Chandra 304 00:12:31,870 --> 00:12:28,070 is the x-ray great observatory spitzer 305 00:12:33,250 --> 00:12:31,880 is roughly the infrared Hubble is the UV 306 00:12:35,410 --> 00:12:33,260 optical although it has a little 307 00:12:37,690 --> 00:12:35,420 infrared and then there was a gamma-ray 308 00:12:40,510 --> 00:12:37,700 observatory and those were called the 309 00:12:44,020 --> 00:12:40,520 Great observatories and the three a 310 00:12:46,870 --> 00:12:44,030 Chandra Spitzer and Hubble are still in 311 00:12:50,110 --> 00:12:46,880 orbit and they are often used in concert 312 00:12:52,420 --> 00:12:50,120 to do multi-wavelength studies because 313 00:12:54,910 --> 00:12:52,430 you know an object might have x-rays 314 00:12:58,740 --> 00:12:54,920 might be visible in the infrared want to 315 00:13:03,300 --> 00:12:58,750 compare to Hubble and Spitzer is 316 00:13:05,500 --> 00:13:03,310 something like 33 34 inch diameter 317 00:13:07,600 --> 00:13:05,510 telescope it has a number of instruments 318 00:13:10,510 --> 00:13:07,610 on it and mostly looks in the infrared 319 00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:10,520 so it's really good for looking at some 320 00:13:17,500 --> 00:13:14,410 of our favorite things distant galaxies 321 00:13:19,120 --> 00:13:17,510 exoplanets and also the center 322 00:13:20,980 --> 00:13:19,130 our galaxy or in other parts of our 323 00:13:25,330 --> 00:13:20,990 galaxy because the infrared looks 324 00:13:27,550 --> 00:13:25,340 through the dust infrared also as Adam 325 00:13:29,620 --> 00:13:27,560 was just saying can help find things 326 00:13:32,050 --> 00:13:29,630 that are very far away because of the 327 00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:32,060 reddening and the expansion of the 328 00:13:39,250 --> 00:13:35,090 universe canada france is actually a 329 00:13:42,730 --> 00:13:39,260 ground-based telescope it was built by 330 00:13:45,550 --> 00:13:42,740 canada france and the university of 331 00:13:50,350 --> 00:13:45,560 hawaii it's on Mauna Kea in Hawaii I 332 00:13:53,140 --> 00:13:50,360 worked there for nine years and it's 333 00:13:56,620 --> 00:13:53,150 actually a magnificent telescope and it 334 00:13:58,330 --> 00:13:56,630 has lots of capability it has imaging 335 00:14:01,860 --> 00:13:58,340 capability because the site is really 336 00:14:04,300 --> 00:14:01,870 good not as good as as orbiting a 337 00:14:07,150 --> 00:14:04,310 satellite telescopes but in the minutes 338 00:14:08,590 --> 00:14:07,160 day it did some pretty darn good imaging 339 00:14:11,290 --> 00:14:08,600 and it's still really good imaging and 340 00:14:12,790 --> 00:14:11,300 it also does spectroscopy and so it's 341 00:14:15,760 --> 00:14:12,800 always helpful to have ground-based 342 00:14:17,650 --> 00:14:15,770 telescopes because you can get there 343 00:14:20,440 --> 00:14:17,660 they're useful because you can change 344 00:14:22,090 --> 00:14:20,450 instruments more quickly and if you 345 00:14:24,730 --> 00:14:22,100 build new ones you can put them on a 346 00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:24,740 ground-based telescope more quickly you 347 00:14:28,900 --> 00:14:27,050 can't put anyone and we're not servicing 348 00:14:32,110 --> 00:14:28,910 novel anymore and we never service bits 349 00:14:34,450 --> 00:14:32,120 or whenevers first service Chandra so 350 00:14:36,790 --> 00:14:34,460 Canada France has a really good suite of 351 00:14:37,900 --> 00:14:36,800 instruments for this kind of work a lot 352 00:14:39,970 --> 00:14:37,910 of people don't know this but while 353 00:14:41,620 --> 00:14:39,980 infrared astronomy is best done in space 354 00:14:44,020 --> 00:14:41,630 there are some places on the planet 355 00:14:45,670 --> 00:14:44,030 wherever that are very good for doing 356 00:14:47,590 --> 00:14:45,680 infrared astronomy the requirement being 357 00:14:48,730 --> 00:14:47,600 you need it to be very dry you need to 358 00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:48,740 have very little water vapor in the 359 00:14:52,360 --> 00:14:50,810 atmosphere so that the infrared can get 360 00:14:53,530 --> 00:14:52,370 through and in Hawaii happens to be one 361 00:14:55,870 --> 00:14:53,540 of those places even though you think of 362 00:14:58,240 --> 00:14:55,880 Hawaii is a humid tropical environment 363 00:15:00,460 --> 00:14:58,250 at 14,000 feet it's pretty dry up there 364 00:15:01,900 --> 00:15:00,470 and the same is true for the high high 365 00:15:04,450 --> 00:15:01,910 in the mountains of Chile which is what 366 00:15:07,480 --> 00:15:04,460 you see a lot of ground-based telescopes 367 00:15:09,760 --> 00:15:07,490 and back in the day we used to go up to 368 00:15:11,800 --> 00:15:09,770 the telescope open do the observations 369 00:15:14,020 --> 00:15:11,810 and I'll tell you there's nothing better 370 00:15:16,060 --> 00:15:14,030 than coming out of that you know four 371 00:15:20,800 --> 00:15:16,070 days of dusty environment going straight 372 00:15:24,430 --> 00:15:20,810 to the beach get the babes going the 373 00:15:28,360 --> 00:15:24,440 other way well that yeah that's amazing 374 00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:28,370 so but what do they do now you said back 375 00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:29,810 in the day they do that what are they 376 00:15:34,240 --> 00:15:31,370 still go up to the 377 00:15:39,040 --> 00:15:34,250 no largely the observations i'm not sure 378 00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:39,050 what Traci Ann carburetors did but our 379 00:15:42,340 --> 00:15:40,730 friend Gordon Squires was just out there 380 00:15:44,890 --> 00:15:42,350 two weeks ago observing and they 381 00:15:49,210 --> 00:15:44,900 observed from God's country kamuela 382 00:15:52,030 --> 00:15:49,220 Hawaii or Waimea you know from either 383 00:15:55,840 --> 00:15:52,040 cfh kak there's a bunch of observatories 384 00:15:58,720 --> 00:15:55,850 and they they often observe from a more 385 00:16:01,780 --> 00:15:58,730 habitable place where you can actually 386 00:16:04,630 --> 00:16:01,790 get food and like water stiffly get so 387 00:16:06,610 --> 00:16:04,640 don't get you know altitude sickness 388 00:16:08,860 --> 00:16:06,620 going up I was just there a little while 389 00:16:10,840 --> 00:16:08,870 ago too and the dubra tories for check 390 00:16:12,550 --> 00:16:10,850 out there are it's like out no man's 391 00:16:14,260 --> 00:16:12,560 land but it's still great you still have 392 00:16:16,150 --> 00:16:14,270 access everything as opposed to being in 393 00:16:19,180 --> 00:16:16,160 no-man's right there's a starbucks 394 00:16:22,720 --> 00:16:19,190 across the street from tech so well I 395 00:16:25,480 --> 00:16:22,730 need to go back then because I'll be 396 00:16:29,620 --> 00:16:25,490 awesome oh you'll get that even my soy 397 00:16:32,140 --> 00:16:29,630 latte now exactly for him alright we 398 00:16:36,190 --> 00:16:32,150 digress don't get that in space Spitzer 399 00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:36,200 okay so all right so uh Tracy I want to 400 00:16:39,430 --> 00:16:37,310 go back to something you were to you 401 00:16:41,650 --> 00:16:39,440 would send about these galaxies clusters 402 00:16:43,990 --> 00:16:41,660 and getting members of them confirmed 403 00:16:46,269 --> 00:16:44,000 you said that was kind of a big deal but 404 00:16:47,470 --> 00:16:46,279 that you know there were only 27 so far 405 00:16:50,140 --> 00:16:47,480 but you think there's hundreds I don't 406 00:16:52,199 --> 00:16:50,150 understand what I mean Adam was just 407 00:16:54,730 --> 00:16:52,209 telling us about the survey itself they 408 00:16:56,530 --> 00:16:54,740 presumably identify these clusters 409 00:16:59,380 --> 00:16:56,540 pretty quickly there's a big old chunk 410 00:17:01,390 --> 00:16:59,390 of them there and then but then you said 411 00:17:03,370 --> 00:17:01,400 that getting the individual galaxies 412 00:17:04,179 --> 00:17:03,380 confirmed is kind of a big deal we want 413 00:17:05,980 --> 00:17:04,189 to talk a little bit about what that 414 00:17:07,960 --> 00:17:05,990 what that's involved what's involved in 415 00:17:10,240 --> 00:17:07,970 that right so if we want to know what 416 00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:10,250 what Adam finds is essentially the 417 00:17:15,340 --> 00:17:13,010 location of one of these galaxies 418 00:17:18,579 --> 00:17:15,350 clusters he sees like a big over density 419 00:17:21,460 --> 00:17:18,589 of galaxies in his survey but we don't 420 00:17:23,829 --> 00:17:21,470 know right away which individual 421 00:17:26,620 --> 00:17:23,839 galaxies in that over density are 422 00:17:28,360 --> 00:17:26,630 actually part of the of the cluster 423 00:17:29,620 --> 00:17:28,370 because if you think about it what 424 00:17:31,630 --> 00:17:29,630 you're seeing when you look at the 425 00:17:33,220 --> 00:17:31,640 cluster is everything that's in front of 426 00:17:34,780 --> 00:17:33,230 the cluster and everything that's behind 427 00:17:37,450 --> 00:17:34,790 the cluster and everything that's in the 428 00:17:39,940 --> 00:17:37,460 cluster all projected onto one sort of 429 00:17:42,100 --> 00:17:39,950 two-dimensional image and so just by 430 00:17:43,930 --> 00:17:42,110 looking at it we can't necessarily we 431 00:17:44,770 --> 00:17:43,940 know that most of the galaxies that we 432 00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:44,780 see in that image 433 00:17:49,720 --> 00:17:46,850 probably cluster members but we know 434 00:17:53,050 --> 00:17:49,730 that there's also some contamination so 435 00:17:55,150 --> 00:17:53,060 the way we actually the way we confirm 436 00:17:57,610 --> 00:17:55,160 that a galaxy is within the cluster is 437 00:18:00,390 --> 00:17:57,620 by measuring the distance or the 438 00:18:04,540 --> 00:18:00,400 redshift to that particular galaxy and 439 00:18:06,790 --> 00:18:04,550 so we do that by gathering obtaining 440 00:18:09,220 --> 00:18:06,800 spectrum for the galaxy so we need a 441 00:18:12,580 --> 00:18:09,230 really really powerful telescope that 442 00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:12,590 can provide really detailed measurements 443 00:18:17,950 --> 00:18:15,410 of the emission or the absorption lines 444 00:18:19,150 --> 00:18:17,960 in the galaxy spectrum and for that we 445 00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:19,160 actually used another ground-based 446 00:18:25,330 --> 00:18:21,770 telescope which is the the Keck 447 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:25,340 Observatory and so we have to go out and 448 00:18:30,670 --> 00:18:28,010 measure an individual distance to every 449 00:18:32,560 --> 00:18:30,680 single galaxy in that image that you see 450 00:18:34,270 --> 00:18:32,570 there and see which ones are at the 451 00:18:36,460 --> 00:18:34,280 distance of the cluster and which ones 452 00:18:38,560 --> 00:18:36,470 are either in the foreground or in the 453 00:18:40,630 --> 00:18:38,570 background and basically separated out 454 00:18:43,930 --> 00:18:40,640 into like a three-dimensional image and 455 00:18:46,570 --> 00:18:43,940 so each one of those observations takes 456 00:18:48,520 --> 00:18:46,580 a long time I see so that's what you 457 00:18:50,890 --> 00:18:48,530 meant ok so with redshift we've talked 458 00:18:53,920 --> 00:18:50,900 about that at least a hundred and fifty 459 00:18:56,500 --> 00:18:53,930 three times on these hangouts so there 460 00:18:59,230 --> 00:18:56,510 it's a number it's just a way in which 461 00:19:00,910 --> 00:18:59,240 we find out how far away these galaxies 462 00:19:03,690 --> 00:19:00,920 are the bigger the number the farther 463 00:19:06,220 --> 00:19:03,700 away they are the galaxies record of 464 00:19:08,140 --> 00:19:06,230 Hubble has been somewhere of about Z 465 00:19:12,280 --> 00:19:08,150 equals 11 something like that which is 466 00:19:14,980 --> 00:19:12,290 pretty darn far away but frontier fields 467 00:19:16,660 --> 00:19:14,990 is hoping to make that even break that 468 00:19:18,130 --> 00:19:16,670 record too so anyway that's just a 469 00:19:19,660 --> 00:19:18,140 number of how far away things are and 470 00:19:22,390 --> 00:19:19,670 it's a time consuming measurement now 471 00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:22,400 you guys said you used qik to get that 472 00:19:30,070 --> 00:19:28,250 done but so the Alice are yeah Allison 473 00:19:31,210 --> 00:19:30,080 let me let me try to get you into this 474 00:19:32,290 --> 00:19:31,220 conversation a little bit haven't heard 475 00:19:34,060 --> 00:19:32,300 from you yet why don't you describe for 476 00:19:35,950 --> 00:19:34,070 us a little bit about what your role is 477 00:19:38,050 --> 00:19:35,960 what your interest is in this and some 478 00:19:39,910 --> 00:19:38,060 of the things that that you that you've 479 00:19:43,330 --> 00:19:39,920 noticed about the about this galaxy 480 00:19:47,110 --> 00:19:43,340 cluster so you broke out for a second oh 481 00:19:48,580 --> 00:19:47,120 oh oh sorry i was out what i want to try 482 00:19:50,320 --> 00:19:48,590 and get you involved in the guy wanted 483 00:19:51,670 --> 00:19:50,330 to get a sense of what you were doing as 484 00:19:54,580 --> 00:19:51,680 part of this team with what your 485 00:19:57,580 --> 00:19:54,590 interest is and what about this galaxy 486 00:20:00,430 --> 00:19:57,590 cluster got you got you going 487 00:20:02,590 --> 00:20:00,440 right so we've only just started to talk 488 00:20:04,500 --> 00:20:02,600 about some of the wavelengths we've 489 00:20:07,440 --> 00:20:04,510 looked at this cluster but we've also 490 00:20:09,370 --> 00:20:07,450 looked at it at the far infrared 491 00:20:10,990 --> 00:20:09,380 infrared all the way through far 492 00:20:12,010 --> 00:20:11,000 infrared and submillimetre wavelengths 493 00:20:13,539 --> 00:20:12,020 as well and that's kind of where my 494 00:20:16,299 --> 00:20:13,549 world comes in is looking at some of 495 00:20:19,180 --> 00:20:16,309 these longer wavelengths emission from 496 00:20:23,500 --> 00:20:19,190 the cluster and the galaxies in the 497 00:20:26,500 --> 00:20:23,510 cluster so we so we we talked about 498 00:20:29,580 --> 00:20:26,510 Spitzer that we have MIPS 24 micron 499 00:20:32,529 --> 00:20:29,590 imaging but we also have another 500 00:20:36,760 --> 00:20:32,539 space-based telescope that we're using 501 00:20:40,720 --> 00:20:36,770 which is Herschel oh no longer that's a 502 00:20:44,139 --> 00:20:40,730 nice Oh scope or was yes was yes so it's 503 00:20:47,680 --> 00:20:44,149 no longer running but they there's a 504 00:20:49,779 --> 00:20:47,690 bunch of archival data from Herschel 505 00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:49,789 that you can download yourself and 506 00:20:55,659 --> 00:20:53,450 reduce the images so we use that the 507 00:20:58,870 --> 00:20:55,669 archival data to get three additional 508 00:21:01,750 --> 00:20:58,880 wave length measurements of one of the 509 00:21:03,010 --> 00:21:01,760 the galaxies in this this cluster that 510 00:21:05,710 --> 00:21:03,020 I'm sure trace is going to talk about a 511 00:21:08,830 --> 00:21:05,720 bit more so it's the brightest cluster 512 00:21:12,519 --> 00:21:08,840 galaxies which is kind of the main focus 513 00:21:16,570 --> 00:21:12,529 of this paper and then additionally we 514 00:21:19,419 --> 00:21:16,580 also got imaging from submillimeter 515 00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:19,429 telescope also on Mauna Kea called the 516 00:21:28,210 --> 00:21:22,250 JC mt you guys hauled up everybody's 517 00:21:33,580 --> 00:21:28,220 time these people live right right they 518 00:21:40,480 --> 00:21:33,590 go to conferences in in Italy I was like 519 00:21:42,250 --> 00:21:40,490 really forget sir we galaxy you still go 520 00:21:44,049 --> 00:21:42,260 up the mountain center JC mt which is 521 00:21:46,570 --> 00:21:44,059 kind of nice yeah little bit of 522 00:21:48,970 --> 00:21:46,580 starbucks but you you do get to see the 523 00:21:52,029 --> 00:21:48,980 mars-like landscape on the top of Mauna 524 00:21:54,850 --> 00:21:52,039 Kea and spend 14 our nights observing on 525 00:21:57,549 --> 00:21:54,860 JC Mt there it is Scott's got a picture 526 00:22:00,370 --> 00:21:57,559 of it there so yeah staring at us from 527 00:22:03,820 --> 00:22:00,380 the top of not at us but at sky at it 528 00:22:05,710 --> 00:22:03,830 from the top of Mauna Kea so okay well 529 00:22:08,340 --> 00:22:05,720 so you looked at Scott would you please 530 00:22:11,049 --> 00:22:08,350 put back up the the cluster image again 531 00:22:11,980 --> 00:22:11,059 so Hubble had something to do with 532 00:22:13,779 --> 00:22:11,990 us we're going to get to that in a 533 00:22:16,810 --> 00:22:13,789 minute but first you look at it with 534 00:22:19,180 --> 00:22:16,820 Spitzer as part of this survey went and 535 00:22:22,749 --> 00:22:19,190 use the c fh t to kind of go back and 536 00:22:24,310 --> 00:22:22,759 verify things and so Tracy go ahead you 537 00:22:26,649 --> 00:22:24,320 said the thing that interested you the 538 00:22:30,310 --> 00:22:26,659 most was this little squishy thing in 539 00:22:33,580 --> 00:22:30,320 between these bright blobs there I know 540 00:22:36,850 --> 00:22:33,590 this is extremely dense jargon i'm using 541 00:22:38,710 --> 00:22:36,860 here budget ok so but this squishy thing 542 00:22:40,509 --> 00:22:38,720 the squishy thing is what you wouldn't 543 00:22:42,639 --> 00:22:40,519 treat you what is that a galaxy being 544 00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:42,649 lens what is that well okay so let me 545 00:22:47,830 --> 00:22:45,110 back up to that is is seen only in the 546 00:22:49,330 --> 00:22:47,840 Hubble image so that was a when we 547 00:22:52,629 --> 00:22:49,340 actually knew that we had something 548 00:22:55,810 --> 00:22:52,639 really exciting before that from the 549 00:22:59,759 --> 00:22:55,820 Spitzer imaging that Allison was talking 550 00:23:03,220 --> 00:22:59,769 about which gives us it gives us 551 00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:03,230 measurements in the mid infrared so at 552 00:23:11,019 --> 00:23:07,690 24 microns and that's a wavelength that 553 00:23:13,149 --> 00:23:11,029 comes from dusk that's heated by very 554 00:23:14,529 --> 00:23:13,159 young stars and it's a really good if 555 00:23:17,470 --> 00:23:14,539 you want to know if there's star 556 00:23:19,720 --> 00:23:17,480 formation going on in a galaxy a really 557 00:23:22,629 --> 00:23:19,730 good way of determining that is to look 558 00:23:24,310 --> 00:23:22,639 at it at these 24 micron wavelengths 559 00:23:25,720 --> 00:23:24,320 because if there is star formation going 560 00:23:27,759 --> 00:23:25,730 on the whole thing will just glow 561 00:23:30,609 --> 00:23:27,769 because it's hot there's a lot of hot 562 00:23:32,950 --> 00:23:30,619 hot exactly exactly and and the star 563 00:23:34,509 --> 00:23:32,960 formation generally occurs behind these 564 00:23:38,710 --> 00:23:34,519 I'd like to think of them as big cocoons 565 00:23:41,560 --> 00:23:38,720 and the cocoons of dust and the dust 566 00:23:43,389 --> 00:23:41,570 absorbs the light from the baby stars 567 00:23:45,129 --> 00:23:43,399 and then radiates it away in the 568 00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:45,139 infrared just like you and I radiate the 569 00:23:57,879 --> 00:23:56,139 so okay so Spitzer looked at this first 570 00:23:59,259 --> 00:23:57,889 she saw a lot of heat going on there and 571 00:24:01,330 --> 00:23:59,269 that caught your attention and that 572 00:24:03,789 --> 00:24:01,340 caught our attention and so then we 573 00:24:07,239 --> 00:24:03,799 wrote a proposal to the Hubble Space 574 00:24:09,220 --> 00:24:07,249 Telescope which essentially wanted to 575 00:24:10,899 --> 00:24:09,230 see what was going on we wanted to know 576 00:24:14,109 --> 00:24:10,909 why there was so much star formation 577 00:24:15,909 --> 00:24:14,119 happening and when we took the image 578 00:24:17,889 --> 00:24:15,919 with a Hubble Space Telescope this is 579 00:24:19,269 --> 00:24:17,899 the image that we saw we saw I don't 580 00:24:23,560 --> 00:24:19,279 remember what you called it now but the 581 00:24:24,610 --> 00:24:23,570 the long blobby thing I'm calma squishy 582 00:24:26,799 --> 00:24:24,620 profession 583 00:24:30,190 --> 00:24:26,809 you're the astronomer so if it's blobby 584 00:24:32,080 --> 00:24:30,200 then it's both it's so if you look at it 585 00:24:33,730 --> 00:24:32,090 edit careful you have to kind of squint 586 00:24:36,700 --> 00:24:33,740 your eyes a little bit but it is a long 587 00:24:38,530 --> 00:24:36,710 tail which seems to be coming out of one 588 00:24:41,049 --> 00:24:38,540 of the very bright galaxies that you see 589 00:24:43,210 --> 00:24:41,059 there and there's sort of clumps all the 590 00:24:45,540 --> 00:24:43,220 way along that tail and then it finishes 591 00:24:48,640 --> 00:24:45,550 off in this kind of backwards J 592 00:24:50,380 --> 00:24:48,650 structure which also has lumps in it so 593 00:24:51,970 --> 00:24:50,390 there's both diffuse emission and the 594 00:24:53,799 --> 00:24:51,980 whole thing is very long and then along 595 00:24:56,290 --> 00:24:53,809 its length there's all of these clumps 596 00:24:59,560 --> 00:24:56,300 and we could only see that with the 597 00:25:01,410 --> 00:24:59,570 extremely high resolution of the Spitzer 598 00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:01,420 Space Telescope it was completely 599 00:25:06,610 --> 00:25:03,890 invisible in all of the other imaging 600 00:25:10,810 --> 00:25:06,620 that we had and so this was really 601 00:25:13,810 --> 00:25:10,820 exciting because this is the this is a 602 00:25:17,140 --> 00:25:13,820 sign that something very violent has 603 00:25:20,169 --> 00:25:17,150 been happening with this object it 604 00:25:23,290 --> 00:25:20,179 something in this object has essentially 605 00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:23,300 been ripped apart and it's been pulled 606 00:25:28,419 --> 00:25:25,970 apart along what we call this tidal tail 607 00:25:31,510 --> 00:25:28,429 and there's new stars which are probably 608 00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:31,520 being formed all along it because of 609 00:25:35,860 --> 00:25:34,010 this very violent process so which blob 610 00:25:37,900 --> 00:25:35,870 which red blob are you thinking this is 611 00:25:39,640 --> 00:25:37,910 a part of dude one in the upper right or 612 00:25:41,740 --> 00:25:39,650 the more one on the upper right so that 613 00:25:43,270 --> 00:25:41,750 so this was part of the really hard work 614 00:25:48,100 --> 00:25:43,280 the blob in the upper right which is 615 00:25:50,919 --> 00:25:48,110 circled Oh way to go Scott good cue I'm 616 00:25:54,490 --> 00:25:50,929 a professional Tony URI professional I'm 617 00:25:56,470 --> 00:25:54,500 amazed that's what we think is a what's 618 00:25:58,930 --> 00:25:56,480 called the brightest cluster galaxies 619 00:26:01,630 --> 00:25:58,940 which is as mentioned here the central 620 00:26:04,240 --> 00:26:01,640 cluster galaxies so it is a huge mass of 621 00:26:07,900 --> 00:26:04,250 galaxies which is sitting at the very 622 00:26:09,850 --> 00:26:07,910 center of this galaxy cluster and it's 623 00:26:11,919 --> 00:26:09,860 different than all other galaxies in the 624 00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:11,929 universe so most galaxy clusters have 625 00:26:17,560 --> 00:26:14,330 one of these hulking Giants sitting in 626 00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:17,570 their very centers and so we think that 627 00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:19,850 the tail is kind of emanating out from 628 00:26:24,940 --> 00:26:23,090 that object so if you trace it all the 629 00:26:27,370 --> 00:26:24,950 way back you can see it sort of curls 630 00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:27,380 its way back into that object just for 631 00:26:31,960 --> 00:26:29,330 interest the two there's two bright 632 00:26:34,060 --> 00:26:31,970 blobs to the lower left and those are 633 00:26:36,190 --> 00:26:34,070 actually they have nothing to do with 634 00:26:37,779 --> 00:26:36,200 the galaxy cluster we've confirmed using 635 00:26:41,710 --> 00:26:37,789 Keck that those are things that are 636 00:26:44,680 --> 00:26:41,720 actually seen from the foreground I'm 637 00:26:46,149 --> 00:26:44,690 Richard we got all the chips okay all 638 00:26:47,830 --> 00:26:46,159 right interesting answer again because 639 00:26:49,419 --> 00:26:47,840 it looks like at first glance of the 640 00:26:50,979 --> 00:26:49,429 line of sight that they are all really 641 00:26:52,359 --> 00:26:50,989 close together well that's what we 642 00:26:54,430 --> 00:26:52,369 thought originally and it was a lot of 643 00:26:56,560 --> 00:26:54,440 hard work to show that they weren't and 644 00:27:00,519 --> 00:26:56,570 they're just kind of there actually 645 00:27:01,599 --> 00:27:00,529 frustrating they're in our way yeah you 646 00:27:03,249 --> 00:27:01,609 think nature would be a little more 647 00:27:06,129 --> 00:27:03,259 accommodating with some of its some of 648 00:27:07,869 --> 00:27:06,139 the secrets well okay so now this was 649 00:27:09,899 --> 00:27:07,879 this was something you kind of didn't 650 00:27:11,799 --> 00:27:09,909 expect to find right that sort of the 651 00:27:13,139 --> 00:27:11,809 impression I get from reading the press 652 00:27:17,379 --> 00:27:13,149 release you guys weren't expecting this 653 00:27:18,940 --> 00:27:17,389 this isn't common that's right so to my 654 00:27:22,960 --> 00:27:18,950 knowledge this is only the second 655 00:27:25,450 --> 00:27:22,970 example of this kind of thing this kind 656 00:27:27,460 --> 00:27:25,460 of saying meaning this very violent 657 00:27:31,330 --> 00:27:27,470 ripped apart galaxy sitting at the 658 00:27:35,259 --> 00:27:31,340 center of a galaxy cluster that's this 659 00:27:37,749 --> 00:27:35,269 large usually when we look so I 660 00:27:39,009 --> 00:27:37,759 mentioned that every massive galaxy 661 00:27:43,479 --> 00:27:39,019 cluster has one of these hulking 662 00:27:45,339 --> 00:27:43,489 galaxies at its center and these are not 663 00:27:47,830 --> 00:27:45,349 only the most massive galaxies in the 664 00:27:50,649 --> 00:27:47,840 universe but some of the oldest and by 665 00:27:52,749 --> 00:27:50,659 old we mean they form their stars a long 666 00:27:55,089 --> 00:27:52,759 long time ago and they haven't formed 667 00:27:56,950 --> 00:27:55,099 any sense so like elliptical galaxies 668 00:27:59,259 --> 00:27:56,960 exactly they're the biggest elliptical 669 00:28:00,639 --> 00:27:59,269 galaxies in the universe now in these 670 00:28:01,869 --> 00:28:00,649 clusters let me just interrupt you real 671 00:28:03,339 --> 00:28:01,879 quick to make sure i'm a you said 672 00:28:04,839 --> 00:28:03,349 there's usually a hulking mass in the 673 00:28:07,659 --> 00:28:04,849 center of these co thay gravitationally 674 00:28:09,129 --> 00:28:07,669 bound to it or is it is it just loosely 675 00:28:10,479 --> 00:28:09,139 are they loosely connected what's the 676 00:28:12,820 --> 00:28:10,489 connection there you mean the galaxies 677 00:28:15,070 --> 00:28:12,830 with the brightest cluster galaxies yes 678 00:28:16,479 --> 00:28:15,080 well the whole so the whole cluster is 679 00:28:18,489 --> 00:28:16,489 bound together by its dark matter 680 00:28:20,769 --> 00:28:18,499 essentially and the brightest cluster 681 00:28:23,499 --> 00:28:20,779 galaxies sits at the very center of that 682 00:28:26,009 --> 00:28:23,509 dark matter distribution okay so they're 683 00:28:28,239 --> 00:28:26,019 all bound together okay good thank you 684 00:28:32,379 --> 00:28:28,249 okay so this was something you didn't 685 00:28:36,279 --> 00:28:32,389 expect to see as violently well so as 686 00:28:38,589 --> 00:28:36,289 far back as we looked most almost all 687 00:28:41,229 --> 00:28:38,599 galaxy clusters have these massive 688 00:28:44,619 --> 00:28:41,239 galaxies galaxies in their Center and 689 00:28:47,830 --> 00:28:44,629 these massive galaxies look old so it's 690 00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:47,840 a real mystery in astrophysics one of 691 00:28:51,250 --> 00:28:49,730 our big questions is how and when did 692 00:28:53,220 --> 00:28:51,260 these things form because we 693 00:28:56,290 --> 00:28:53,230 figure we keep looking back in time 694 00:28:58,510 --> 00:28:56,300 deeper and deeper images we should at 695 00:29:00,820 --> 00:28:58,520 some point see these things forming and 696 00:29:03,640 --> 00:29:00,830 that is yet to happen and so this was 697 00:29:07,150 --> 00:29:03,650 one of the first images that actually 698 00:29:09,490 --> 00:29:07,160 caught one of these objects in phase 699 00:29:11,890 --> 00:29:09,500 that we think is a phase related to its 700 00:29:13,710 --> 00:29:11,900 formation and that is this violent phase 701 00:29:15,940 --> 00:29:13,720 of ripping apart one galaxy to 702 00:29:22,090 --> 00:29:15,950 cannibalize it and then forming new 703 00:29:23,740 --> 00:29:22,100 stars as it does that ok well the and I 704 00:29:25,360 --> 00:29:23,750 want to get to this topic or this 705 00:29:27,330 --> 00:29:25,370 concept i'm not quite sure how to make 706 00:29:29,650 --> 00:29:27,340 this out the segway but there was a 707 00:29:31,450 --> 00:29:29,660 there's this thing that we that was 708 00:29:32,890 --> 00:29:31,460 mentioned and we've had a we've had a 709 00:29:35,530 --> 00:29:32,900 hanging on this before about something 710 00:29:38,530 --> 00:29:35,540 called beads on a string and this is a 711 00:29:41,500 --> 00:29:38,540 characteristic of pockets of gas of 712 00:29:44,050 --> 00:29:41,510 where new stars are being born inside 713 00:29:46,330 --> 00:29:44,060 the cluster and this is this one of 714 00:29:49,660 --> 00:29:46,340 those things is that a bead on a string 715 00:29:52,630 --> 00:29:49,670 or so we face them we think that if you 716 00:29:55,750 --> 00:29:52,640 if you look ease if you look at just the 717 00:29:57,130 --> 00:29:55,760 bare bones hsd image without the Spitzer 718 00:29:58,890 --> 00:29:57,140 image overlaid you can see it a little 719 00:30:02,020 --> 00:29:58,900 bit better but if you look at the 720 00:30:04,030 --> 00:30:02,030 central they're really handy scott i 721 00:30:06,730 --> 00:30:04,040 don't think so i think we've only got 722 00:30:09,310 --> 00:30:06,740 there oh okay all right okay hmm i'm 723 00:30:11,710 --> 00:30:09,320 talking about really the raw data icic 724 00:30:14,740 --> 00:30:11,720 okay if you look in the center regions 725 00:30:16,780 --> 00:30:14,750 where the tail comes out from the 726 00:30:18,820 --> 00:30:16,790 central cluster galaxies you'll notice 727 00:30:22,240 --> 00:30:18,830 that along there there's the sort of 728 00:30:24,130 --> 00:30:22,250 equally spaced clumps all the way along 729 00:30:26,590 --> 00:30:24,140 before the whole thing kind of blows up 730 00:30:28,720 --> 00:30:26,600 oh yeah yeah they are and that's what we 731 00:30:31,330 --> 00:30:28,730 call beads on a string and it's the same 732 00:30:34,270 --> 00:30:31,340 kind of physics really as beads 733 00:30:38,800 --> 00:30:34,280 collecting on a string to these clumps 734 00:30:41,320 --> 00:30:38,810 of condensation a long day flying okay 735 00:30:43,870 --> 00:30:41,330 now because I'm a man child and I'm 736 00:30:46,450 --> 00:30:43,880 infantile this part made me laugh but uh 737 00:30:53,370 --> 00:30:46,460 this is what you're calling a wet merger 738 00:30:59,480 --> 00:30:53,380 is that correct yes yes oh my god Oh 739 00:31:04,280 --> 00:31:02,330 but there this is this is simply a state 740 00:31:07,130 --> 00:31:04,290 it is what you're describing when it's 741 00:31:09,440 --> 00:31:07,140 gas which i guess is somehow 742 00:31:13,130 --> 00:31:09,450 characterized as wet being involved in a 743 00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:13,140 na and star forming region like this 744 00:31:17,180 --> 00:31:15,210 right well that's right so what we're 745 00:31:19,310 --> 00:31:17,190 seeing so just to be clear what we're 746 00:31:21,799 --> 00:31:19,320 seeing with the HST image is not the gas 747 00:31:24,500 --> 00:31:21,809 but the stars but we know that there has 748 00:31:27,080 --> 00:31:24,510 to be gas there because there's so much 749 00:31:30,020 --> 00:31:27,090 star formation going on and the stars 750 00:31:31,460 --> 00:31:30,030 have to be forming out of gas so the 751 00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:31,470 between the infrared wavelengths which 752 00:31:34,520 --> 00:31:32,970 are generating the heat and the visible 753 00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:34,530 light which we see here and Hubble 754 00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:36,690 there's a lot of other physics going on 755 00:31:41,690 --> 00:31:39,210 a lot of other physics that's right okay 756 00:31:43,370 --> 00:31:41,700 which which we hope that's sort of one 757 00:31:46,820 --> 00:31:43,380 of the next things that will do is get a 758 00:31:48,560 --> 00:31:46,830 real picture of the actual gas okay so 759 00:31:51,080 --> 00:31:48,570 that when there's lots of gas involved 760 00:31:53,810 --> 00:31:51,090 that's a wet merger but the the dry ones 761 00:31:57,860 --> 00:31:53,820 are they they're just they still have 762 00:31:59,210 --> 00:31:57,870 gas because they are beating they are 763 00:32:02,450 --> 00:31:59,220 they just don't listen there's no stars 764 00:32:05,390 --> 00:32:02,460 because so what a dry merger is and and 765 00:32:08,330 --> 00:32:05,400 it's been known for a long time it's 766 00:32:10,640 --> 00:32:08,340 been known that brightest cluster 767 00:32:13,370 --> 00:32:10,650 galaxies can grow through what are 768 00:32:16,330 --> 00:32:13,380 called dry mergers and a dry merger is 769 00:32:19,280 --> 00:32:16,340 when two galaxies merge but they're old 770 00:32:21,470 --> 00:32:19,290 elliptical galaxies and neither one of 771 00:32:24,919 --> 00:32:21,480 them has very much gas to bring to the 772 00:32:28,310 --> 00:32:24,929 table essentially and so there's no fuel 773 00:32:32,000 --> 00:32:28,320 there for new star formation where is in 774 00:32:34,549 --> 00:32:32,010 a wet merger at least one of the 775 00:32:37,490 --> 00:32:34,559 galaxies is a galaxy more like our own 776 00:32:40,160 --> 00:32:37,500 Milky Way with a lot of gas and that gas 777 00:32:42,830 --> 00:32:40,170 is then compressed and funneled and 778 00:32:46,580 --> 00:32:42,840 channeled during the merger to form new 779 00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:46,590 stars so in a merge both are kinds of 780 00:32:50,690 --> 00:32:48,570 mergers where two galaxies collide 781 00:32:53,240 --> 00:32:50,700 together and eventually form one larger 782 00:32:56,120 --> 00:32:53,250 galaxy but in the dry merger the stars 783 00:32:57,790 --> 00:32:56,130 just kind of come together and in a wet 784 00:32:59,960 --> 00:32:57,800 merger there's new stars being formed 785 00:33:01,610 --> 00:32:59,970 okay so yeah the wet mergers that 786 00:33:04,330 --> 00:33:01,620 haven't been seen before at the Centers 787 00:33:06,500 --> 00:33:04,340 of clusters okay so yeah this is 788 00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:06,510 something that you expected to find as 789 00:33:10,100 --> 00:33:08,010 you say but haven't yet this is one of 790 00:33:13,010 --> 00:33:10,110 the first first times you've seen one of 791 00:33:15,230 --> 00:33:13,020 these there I guess 792 00:33:16,940 --> 00:33:15,240 so let me there's a there's a got a 793 00:33:18,620 --> 00:33:16,950 quick question in here that's been 794 00:33:20,390 --> 00:33:18,630 sitting for a while I want to ask this 795 00:33:23,210 --> 00:33:20,400 is about the galaxy cluster this is from 796 00:33:26,180 --> 00:33:23,220 John glasco on the Q&A app he's going is 797 00:33:28,100 --> 00:33:26,190 the pinwheel galaxy which is M 101 when 798 00:33:30,770 --> 00:33:28,110 and he even knows that it's six parts 799 00:33:32,690 --> 00:33:30,780 megaparsecs away good job John anywhere 800 00:33:34,490 --> 00:33:32,700 new is it is the pinwheel anywhere near 801 00:33:36,710 --> 00:33:34,500 this cluster or is this cluster much 802 00:33:39,830 --> 00:33:36,720 farther away now the pinwheel galaxy is 803 00:33:41,540 --> 00:33:39,840 one of the most detailed images of a 804 00:33:43,700 --> 00:33:41,550 spiral galaxy the Hubble's ever taken 805 00:33:48,040 --> 00:33:43,710 but where is it you do we know where it 806 00:33:51,920 --> 00:33:48,050 might be with relation to in 101 oh gosh 807 00:33:55,730 --> 00:33:51,930 do you mean on the sky or in distance 808 00:33:58,010 --> 00:33:55,740 well it's in Ursa Major I believe and so 809 00:33:59,660 --> 00:33:58,020 rough is it anywhere nearby other than 810 00:34:01,490 --> 00:33:59,670 just say it's in the same constellation 811 00:34:06,550 --> 00:34:01,500 or is it not really a part of the 812 00:34:09,500 --> 00:34:06,560 cluster no no no pinwheels a nearby 813 00:34:11,180 --> 00:34:09,510 relatively nearby galaxies okay so these 814 00:34:12,860 --> 00:34:11,190 are much further away than alright 815 00:34:19,940 --> 00:34:12,870 alright thank you John it was good 816 00:34:22,130 --> 00:34:19,950 question um so let's see the so are 817 00:34:23,690 --> 00:34:22,140 there other galaxy clusters as part of 818 00:34:25,190 --> 00:34:23,700 the survey that you're looking at are 819 00:34:28,880 --> 00:34:25,200 you going to continue looking more 820 00:34:30,530 --> 00:34:28,890 closely at this particular one too is 821 00:34:31,940 --> 00:34:30,540 there anything more that we can learn 822 00:34:34,130 --> 00:34:31,950 from this but with other would say 823 00:34:35,810 --> 00:34:34,140 wavelengths or or other observations 824 00:34:38,930 --> 00:34:35,820 that you might want to make yeah so 825 00:34:42,169 --> 00:34:38,940 we're we're what we're doing both we're 826 00:34:45,260 --> 00:34:42,179 actively trying to study this particular 827 00:34:47,480 --> 00:34:45,270 object in more detail so like I said one 828 00:34:50,870 --> 00:34:47,490 of the things we would like to do is get 829 00:34:52,610 --> 00:34:50,880 an image of the actual gas within this 830 00:34:54,830 --> 00:34:52,620 system and see where the gas is and what 831 00:34:59,270 --> 00:34:54,840 the gas is doing and so we have some 832 00:35:00,890 --> 00:34:59,280 proposals in to do that as well and we'd 833 00:35:02,810 --> 00:35:00,900 like to learn more about the cluster as 834 00:35:04,840 --> 00:35:02,820 a whole we'd like to confirm more 835 00:35:07,670 --> 00:35:04,850 members and get a very Bette erm Escher 836 00:35:10,010 --> 00:35:07,680 mass so we know exactly what we're 837 00:35:13,340 --> 00:35:10,020 dealing with but at the same time Adams 838 00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:13,350 survey has produced hundreds and 839 00:35:18,730 --> 00:35:15,690 hundreds of galaxy clusters at large 840 00:35:21,830 --> 00:35:18,740 distances from us and many of them show 841 00:35:25,920 --> 00:35:21,840 evidence that they might be similar 842 00:35:27,150 --> 00:35:25,930 systems to this and what in one way 843 00:35:28,950 --> 00:35:27,160 we could add them to comment on that a 844 00:35:30,150 --> 00:35:28,960 little bit when what so what uh what are 845 00:35:32,730 --> 00:35:30,160 some of these characteristics that 846 00:35:34,140 --> 00:35:32,740 you're noticing another are you looking 847 00:35:36,450 --> 00:35:34,150 primarily for bright spots in the 848 00:35:38,760 --> 00:35:36,460 infrared or what do you what are you 849 00:35:40,770 --> 00:35:38,770 looking at yeah well that's that's 850 00:35:44,490 --> 00:35:40,780 precisely it right we are looking for 851 00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:44,500 things that are really red overall so we 852 00:35:48,120 --> 00:35:46,210 did the thing with the Canada France you 853 00:35:50,430 --> 00:35:48,130 want them to be not very bright in the 854 00:35:53,220 --> 00:35:50,440 optical and then in combination to be 855 00:35:54,809 --> 00:35:53,230 very bright with Spitzer so big big 856 00:35:57,510 --> 00:35:54,819 lumps of galaxies that are bright and 857 00:35:59,910 --> 00:35:57,520 Spitzer and not very bright in in the 858 00:36:02,220 --> 00:35:59,920 optical and we have found as tracy said 859 00:36:04,589 --> 00:36:02,230 a few hundred of them i think what she's 860 00:36:06,990 --> 00:36:04,599 referring to is you know Tracy is a very 861 00:36:09,240 --> 00:36:07,000 prolific scientist and she also wrote a 862 00:36:11,700 --> 00:36:09,250 paper in the last couple weeks where she 863 00:36:13,290 --> 00:36:11,710 looked at some of the other brightest 864 00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:13,300 cluster galaxies and some of the other 865 00:36:18,359 --> 00:36:16,210 clusters we found and what we're finding 866 00:36:22,790 --> 00:36:18,369 is that well this kind of thing that 867 00:36:25,470 --> 00:36:22,800 we're talking about today is very rare 868 00:36:27,480 --> 00:36:25,480 particularly nearby as we start looking 869 00:36:30,690 --> 00:36:27,490 at more and more of these very distant 870 00:36:32,460 --> 00:36:30,700 clusters it's still uncommon but it's 871 00:36:34,230 --> 00:36:32,470 not completely uncommon so there's 872 00:36:36,530 --> 00:36:34,240 there's some other clusters in our 873 00:36:38,760 --> 00:36:36,540 survey where the central galaxy has 874 00:36:42,140 --> 00:36:38,770 potentially very high star formation 875 00:36:44,160 --> 00:36:42,150 rates just like this one cool okay so 876 00:36:45,780 --> 00:36:44,170 Andrew planets got a good question i 877 00:36:47,549 --> 00:36:45,790 want to ask real quick and that is if 878 00:36:49,079 --> 00:36:47,559 these galaxy clusters contain 879 00:36:52,680 --> 00:36:49,089 supermassive black holes in their 880 00:36:54,359 --> 00:36:52,690 centers i could star formation be due to 881 00:36:57,299 --> 00:36:54,369 the constituents convincing from black 882 00:37:00,120 --> 00:36:57,309 hole high-energy jets forming gas fuel 883 00:37:02,220 --> 00:37:00,130 for new stars in the process is that at 884 00:37:04,170 --> 00:37:02,230 all possible so what are the you know 885 00:37:06,809 --> 00:37:04,180 our black holes playing any role in star 886 00:37:08,819 --> 00:37:06,819 formation either feeding it or called 887 00:37:11,640 --> 00:37:08,829 again causing it to condense in these 888 00:37:14,280 --> 00:37:11,650 galaxy clusters so that's a another 889 00:37:15,750 --> 00:37:14,290 really good question and I didn't 890 00:37:20,339 --> 00:37:15,760 mention this at all but we do know that 891 00:37:21,930 --> 00:37:20,349 there well we suspect strongly that 892 00:37:25,010 --> 00:37:21,940 there is a black hole at the center of 893 00:37:27,780 --> 00:37:25,020 this galaxy cluster and it's also 894 00:37:29,880 --> 00:37:27,790 contributing to the infrared emission 895 00:37:31,410 --> 00:37:29,890 that we've been mentioning the intense 896 00:37:34,920 --> 00:37:31,420 infrared emission that we see from it 897 00:37:36,539 --> 00:37:34,930 it's not dominating most of the energy 898 00:37:39,089 --> 00:37:36,549 that's being produced in the infrared is 899 00:37:42,180 --> 00:37:39,099 coming from star formation but there is 900 00:37:44,729 --> 00:37:42,190 black hole there whether or not the 901 00:37:48,079 --> 00:37:44,739 black hole is causing the star formation 902 00:37:51,359 --> 00:37:48,089 is an interesting idea because in fact 903 00:37:53,759 --> 00:37:51,369 black holes are usually invoked in these 904 00:37:56,609 --> 00:37:53,769 situations to do the opposite to 905 00:38:00,450 --> 00:37:56,619 actually stop the star formation so the 906 00:38:02,249 --> 00:38:00,460 feedback from so your listener mentioned 907 00:38:05,370 --> 00:38:02,259 these Jets that come out of the black 908 00:38:07,979 --> 00:38:05,380 hole the radiative and mechanical 909 00:38:09,749 --> 00:38:07,989 feedback that comes from the accretion 910 00:38:12,180 --> 00:38:09,759 disk and all the other activity that's 911 00:38:15,509 --> 00:38:12,190 going on around a black hole can 912 00:38:19,229 --> 00:38:15,519 actually disrupt the star formation and 913 00:38:20,670 --> 00:38:19,239 blow the gas out of you know keep it 914 00:38:23,609 --> 00:38:20,680 from condensing and forming new stars 915 00:38:26,009 --> 00:38:23,619 and so we think that if the black hole 916 00:38:28,319 --> 00:38:26,019 in this particular cluster is allowed to 917 00:38:30,210 --> 00:38:28,329 grow it might actually stop the star 918 00:38:32,370 --> 00:38:30,220 formation that we're seeing and that may 919 00:38:33,930 --> 00:38:32,380 be and that might be why these things 920 00:38:35,729 --> 00:38:33,940 are so hard to see period right i mean 921 00:38:37,289 --> 00:38:35,739 in most galaxy clusters it could be 922 00:38:39,029 --> 00:38:37,299 these black holes or disrupting a lot of 923 00:38:40,469 --> 00:38:39,039 the star for me it's a good question so 924 00:38:42,509 --> 00:38:40,479 one of the questions we were trying to 925 00:38:44,849 --> 00:38:42,519 get a tat in one of the papers was what 926 00:38:46,769 --> 00:38:44,859 was essentially the duty cycle how long 927 00:38:49,739 --> 00:38:46,779 does the star formation go on for before 928 00:38:52,170 --> 00:38:49,749 an AGN shuts it down and you can is not 929 00:38:54,569 --> 00:38:52,180 active life an active galactic nucleus a 930 00:38:56,819 --> 00:38:54,579 black hole and so the fact that these 931 00:38:59,039 --> 00:38:56,829 things appear to be quite rare may be 932 00:39:02,700 --> 00:38:59,049 telling us that the AGN that the black 933 00:39:04,259 --> 00:39:02,710 hole shuts it down very rapidly okay 934 00:39:06,989 --> 00:39:04,269 good question Andrew thanks as always 935 00:39:08,849 --> 00:39:06,999 and Cecil Morgan's asking what 936 00:39:11,269 --> 00:39:08,859 instrument this is from the Q&A app what 937 00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:11,279 instruments would be used to see the gas 938 00:39:16,289 --> 00:39:14,410 presumably the infrared showing you not 939 00:39:18,599 --> 00:39:16,299 the gas but the heat coming from the 940 00:39:20,609 --> 00:39:18,609 star formation and the hubble the 941 00:39:22,529 --> 00:39:20,619 infrared visible light are showing the 942 00:39:26,789 --> 00:39:22,539 stars what could you use to see the gas 943 00:39:30,450 --> 00:39:26,799 with so for that we're hoping again to 944 00:39:33,959 --> 00:39:30,460 use a spectroscopic instrument on the 945 00:39:37,339 --> 00:39:33,969 Keck telescope essentially what we need 946 00:39:41,370 --> 00:39:37,349 to do is get what's called a spectrum of 947 00:39:42,809 --> 00:39:41,380 the galaxy and that's the same and the 948 00:39:45,599 --> 00:39:42,819 region surrounding it that's the same 949 00:39:49,049 --> 00:39:45,609 kind of observation that we do to get a 950 00:39:52,049 --> 00:39:49,059 redshift and there we're looking for a 951 00:39:52,859 --> 00:39:52,059 mission that's coming from the gas so 952 00:39:56,420 --> 00:39:52,869 we're looking for the 953 00:39:58,890 --> 00:39:56,430 hydrogen lines and the oxygen lines 954 00:40:02,640 --> 00:39:58,900 basically using the same kind of physics 955 00:40:04,710 --> 00:40:02,650 that people use in neon lights to try 956 00:40:07,440 --> 00:40:04,720 and and see the gas in that way so it 957 00:40:10,710 --> 00:40:07,450 would be a ground-based optical and 958 00:40:12,420 --> 00:40:10,720 infrared spectrograph cool yeah that's 959 00:40:13,710 --> 00:40:12,430 important we've all don't know if you 960 00:40:16,339 --> 00:40:13,720 ever done that lab experiment where 961 00:40:20,190 --> 00:40:16,349 you've looked at a at a tube like a 962 00:40:21,749 --> 00:40:20,200 spectrum tube through a little pair of 963 00:40:24,089 --> 00:40:21,759 glasses and you can see the lines coming 964 00:40:26,609 --> 00:40:24,099 from it it's something very similar the 965 00:40:28,109 --> 00:40:26,619 bright lines that would black and the 966 00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:28,119 bright and dark absorption lines coming 967 00:40:30,779 --> 00:40:29,410 from a spectrum to tell you what 968 00:40:32,999 --> 00:40:30,789 elements are in that gas and whether 969 00:40:35,220 --> 00:40:33,009 there's gas present so good question 970 00:40:36,569 --> 00:40:35,230 Cecil ok I want to point out one little 971 00:40:40,259 --> 00:40:36,579 thing that I noticed when I was reading 972 00:40:42,269 --> 00:40:40,269 about it was a good comparison of the 973 00:40:43,910 --> 00:40:42,279 star formation rates apparently 974 00:40:47,579 --> 00:40:43,920 according to what you guys have found 975 00:40:50,849 --> 00:40:47,589 this is creating this little region is 976 00:40:53,630 --> 00:40:50,859 creating about 860 new stars a year and 977 00:40:55,950 --> 00:40:53,640 by comparison our Milky Way galaxy 978 00:40:57,960 --> 00:40:55,960 generally forms only about one or two 979 00:41:00,499 --> 00:40:57,970 stars a year so this is quite a bit this 980 00:41:05,339 --> 00:41:00,509 is a huge increase in star forming 981 00:41:06,989 --> 00:41:05,349 activity yeah that's right it's I mean I 982 00:41:08,549 --> 00:41:06,999 think maybe Allison can comment on this 983 00:41:10,769 --> 00:41:08,559 a little better than I can cuz she was 984 00:41:13,769 --> 00:41:10,779 the one who who made that measurement I 985 00:41:18,180 --> 00:41:13,779 love that idea go ahead Allison yeah 986 00:41:20,430 --> 00:41:18,190 well so um basically the way you can 987 00:41:23,279 --> 00:41:20,440 calculate this is by using all of the 988 00:41:25,109 --> 00:41:23,289 data that we've been talking about but 989 00:41:27,660 --> 00:41:25,119 particularly at the infrared and 990 00:41:30,299 --> 00:41:27,670 submillimetre wavelengths which as Carol 991 00:41:34,319 --> 00:41:30,309 mentioned earlier really is tracing the 992 00:41:37,710 --> 00:41:34,329 dust that's being heated by the stars so 993 00:41:39,960 --> 00:41:37,720 once you have a the UV radiation coming 994 00:41:41,460 --> 00:41:39,970 from a star it heats all this dust and 995 00:41:46,489 --> 00:41:41,470 every radiates and the infrared 996 00:41:48,269 --> 00:41:46,499 wavelengths so when you have multiple 997 00:41:50,609 --> 00:41:48,279 wavelengths from different telescopes 998 00:41:52,079 --> 00:41:50,619 all in the infrared and submillimetre 999 00:41:55,229 --> 00:41:52,089 wavelengths you can get a pretty good 1000 00:41:57,479 --> 00:41:55,239 estimate of the star formation right so 1001 00:42:00,269 --> 00:41:57,489 that's what we've done with herschel and 1002 00:42:02,249 --> 00:42:00,279 the JC mt and spitzer so those are the 1003 00:42:03,930 --> 00:42:02,259 primary instruments we use to measure 1004 00:42:06,480 --> 00:42:03,940 the star-formation rate and yes it's 1005 00:42:09,720 --> 00:42:06,490 forming about 860 sons 1006 00:42:11,190 --> 00:42:09,730 a year cool so pure like I have a 1007 00:42:12,750 --> 00:42:11,200 question for you Caroline and I don't 1008 00:42:15,510 --> 00:42:12,760 know this may be totally dumb but I'm 1009 00:42:17,820 --> 00:42:15,520 going to ask it anyway and the 1010 00:42:19,320 --> 00:42:17,830 ultraviolet which Hubble is got an 1011 00:42:21,090 --> 00:42:19,330 instrument on that lets us see in that 1012 00:42:23,640 --> 00:42:21,100 wavelength could you see anything in the 1013 00:42:26,430 --> 00:42:23,650 ultraviolet do you think uh in this 1014 00:42:29,310 --> 00:42:26,440 situation or no because it doesn't say 1015 00:42:31,290 --> 00:42:29,320 something about stars for me yes well I 1016 00:42:34,290 --> 00:42:31,300 mean they have an observation of it 1017 00:42:36,210 --> 00:42:34,300 which I don't have but sometimes it 1018 00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:36,220 depends it depends on how much dust is 1019 00:42:39,870 --> 00:42:37,810 in the system if they've got a lot of 1020 00:42:42,240 --> 00:42:39,880 dust in front of whatever the UV 1021 00:42:46,200 --> 00:42:42,250 radiation is then you're not really 1022 00:42:49,260 --> 00:42:46,210 really going to see it so um I haven't I 1023 00:42:52,830 --> 00:42:49,270 haven't seen the pure Hubble image but 1024 00:42:54,720 --> 00:42:52,840 it just depends um if if you don't have 1025 00:42:57,960 --> 00:42:54,730 a lot of dust in the system anymore you 1026 00:43:01,470 --> 00:42:57,970 could get a lot of UV radiation coming 1027 00:43:03,240 --> 00:43:01,480 out so it just depends on the 1028 00:43:05,070 --> 00:43:03,250 circumstance of the object you're trying 1029 00:43:06,840 --> 00:43:05,080 to look at have you thought about that 1030 00:43:09,120 --> 00:43:06,850 wavelength Tracy or is that probably not 1031 00:43:10,920 --> 00:43:09,130 going to work here well so in fact the 1032 00:43:13,500 --> 00:43:10,930 image that you're seeing with Hubble is 1033 00:43:15,870 --> 00:43:13,510 pretty close to the ultraviolet it's 1034 00:43:17,940 --> 00:43:15,880 it's taken in the infrared wavelengths 1035 00:43:19,650 --> 00:43:17,950 but because of the redshift because of 1036 00:43:22,230 --> 00:43:19,660 the great distance that this cluster is 1037 00:43:25,290 --> 00:43:22,240 from us what we're actually seeing is 1038 00:43:27,359 --> 00:43:25,300 light that was emitted in the UV oh good 1039 00:43:30,060 --> 00:43:27,369 point so these are actually the young 1040 00:43:33,330 --> 00:43:30,070 stars that we're probably seeing in this 1041 00:43:36,240 --> 00:43:33,340 this tale awesome ok well thank you for 1042 00:43:38,370 --> 00:43:36,250 that uh all right i think scott i'm 1043 00:43:39,840 --> 00:43:38,380 looking around and oh wait here's one 1044 00:43:41,700 --> 00:43:39,850 from andrew planet i'm gonna ask you in 1045 00:43:43,290 --> 00:43:41,710 a minute for twitter so let me get this 1046 00:43:45,030 --> 00:43:43,300 question from Andrew again he goes 1047 00:43:47,099 --> 00:43:45,040 thanks for the answer he's the one that 1048 00:43:48,780 --> 00:43:47,109 asked the black hole question what 1049 00:43:50,640 --> 00:43:48,790 eventually happens then to all the 1050 00:43:52,859 --> 00:43:50,650 material that makes up high energy Jets 1051 00:43:54,810 --> 00:43:52,869 so I think these Jets are assumed to be 1052 00:43:56,310 --> 00:43:54,820 producing if they're actively well if 1053 00:44:00,180 --> 00:43:56,320 they're active they're feeding on I'm 1054 00:44:02,609 --> 00:44:00,190 surrounding material so I do the first 1055 00:44:06,349 --> 00:44:02,619 of all are their Jets here and if so 1056 00:44:09,690 --> 00:44:06,359 what what happens to all that stuff so 1057 00:44:11,160 --> 00:44:09,700 I'm not an expert on black holes in the 1058 00:44:14,640 --> 00:44:11,170 Centers of galaxies clusters I don't 1059 00:44:16,410 --> 00:44:14,650 know if Adam feels any more comfortable 1060 00:44:18,870 --> 00:44:16,420 with that idea what about you Adam do 1061 00:44:20,370 --> 00:44:18,880 you feel like yeah hey at least I'm not 1062 00:44:29,249 --> 00:44:20,380 asking you to calculate something 1063 00:44:30,059 --> 00:44:29,259 on and in terms of I mean okay well why 1064 00:44:31,559 --> 00:44:30,069 don't you just say what you were 1065 00:44:32,880 --> 00:44:31,569 thinking and then we'll see if that 1066 00:44:35,519 --> 00:44:32,890 answers this question well I mean 1067 00:44:40,170 --> 00:44:35,529 certainly there's we don't we don't see 1068 00:44:42,120 --> 00:44:40,180 any Jets in this image yet but we 1069 00:44:44,519 --> 00:44:42,130 haven't really looked at the right 1070 00:44:46,019 --> 00:44:44,529 wavelengths so it is possible that there 1071 00:44:48,359 --> 00:44:46,029 might be some jets there and we have a 1072 00:44:51,630 --> 00:44:48,369 proposal into the Very Large Array which 1073 00:44:53,690 --> 00:44:51,640 is a radio telescope to see what kind of 1074 00:44:56,430 --> 00:44:53,700 radio emission is coming from this thing 1075 00:44:59,999 --> 00:44:56,440 we're hoping also to get some x-ray 1076 00:45:02,249 --> 00:45:00,009 observations possibly from Chandra to 1077 00:45:05,670 --> 00:45:02,259 see if there's any signs of black hole 1078 00:45:07,859 --> 00:45:05,680 activity as well so the as to what 1079 00:45:12,450 --> 00:45:07,869 happens to all the material that's blown 1080 00:45:14,160 --> 00:45:12,460 out from the Jets I think that's I mean 1081 00:45:16,519 --> 00:45:14,170 what happens is it goes out into the 1082 00:45:19,710 --> 00:45:16,529 what we call the intracluster medium 1083 00:45:21,450 --> 00:45:19,720 which is all of the gas and material in 1084 00:45:24,660 --> 00:45:21,460 between the galaxies within the galaxy 1085 00:45:26,309 --> 00:45:24,670 cluster in so we have when we have a 1086 00:45:28,230 --> 00:45:26,319 galaxy cluster if there's a whole bunch 1087 00:45:29,549 --> 00:45:28,240 of galaxies that you can see there's a 1088 00:45:31,410 --> 00:45:29,559 whole bunch of dark matter holding it 1089 00:45:35,370 --> 00:45:31,420 together and then there's also a lot of 1090 00:45:37,559 --> 00:45:35,380 hot gas and so the material that's being 1091 00:45:40,289 --> 00:45:37,569 blown out from the center of the galaxy 1092 00:45:43,380 --> 00:45:40,299 cluster will be formed will form part of 1093 00:45:46,620 --> 00:45:43,390 this inter-cluster medium but we I have 1094 00:45:48,599 --> 00:45:46,630 collaborators who study this a lot here 1095 00:45:50,910 --> 00:45:48,609 in Montreal and you know they can they 1096 00:45:53,999 --> 00:45:50,920 see all sorts of wonderful images in the 1097 00:45:56,579 --> 00:45:54,009 x-ray of huge holes and cavities being 1098 00:45:57,960 --> 00:45:56,589 blown out within the intracluster medium 1099 00:46:00,900 --> 00:45:57,970 that they think are being caused by 1100 00:46:04,380 --> 00:46:00,910 these Jets just basically clearing away 1101 00:46:07,049 --> 00:46:04,390 material so it's a very violent place 1102 00:46:10,109 --> 00:46:07,059 and how it all settles down i think is 1103 00:46:12,499 --> 00:46:10,119 it's an open question yeah that's a good 1104 00:46:14,789 --> 00:46:12,509 question than in a and highlights the 1105 00:46:16,589 --> 00:46:14,799 importance of all the wavelengths you 1106 00:46:19,370 --> 00:46:16,599 can get to bear on a on a particular 1107 00:46:21,630 --> 00:46:19,380 area this guy is always useful right 1108 00:46:22,859 --> 00:46:21,640 okay so Scott do you see anything on 1109 00:46:24,599 --> 00:46:22,869 twitter is there anything I should we 1110 00:46:26,099 --> 00:46:24,609 should we should mention on that it's a 1111 00:46:29,009 --> 00:46:26,109 question that we've touched on and we 1112 00:46:31,170 --> 00:46:29,019 kind of danced around but I'm really 1113 00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:31,180 sorry no dancing on these hangouts I 1114 00:46:37,650 --> 00:46:35,010 yes sir dancing you just don't know him 1115 00:46:40,319 --> 00:46:37,660 but I am so sorry if I mispronounced 1116 00:46:43,109 --> 00:46:40,329 your name but nowhere travell see she's 1117 00:46:44,609 --> 00:46:43,119 wondering how we're able to measure the 1118 00:46:47,579 --> 00:46:44,619 redshifts oh we've we've talked about 1119 00:46:49,020 --> 00:46:47,589 spectra but how were you able to this 1120 00:46:51,510 --> 00:46:49,030 was back before when we're talking about 1121 00:46:53,940 --> 00:46:51,520 how the two blobs the lower-left were 1122 00:46:56,579 --> 00:46:53,950 actually foreground objects and she was 1123 00:46:59,130 --> 00:46:56,589 wondering how you're able to find out 1124 00:47:00,960 --> 00:46:59,140 you know how your uvula measure the 1125 00:47:04,020 --> 00:47:00,970 redshift to find out that it is a 1126 00:47:08,760 --> 00:47:04,030 foreground object Adam do you want to 1127 00:47:09,809 --> 00:47:08,770 take this one yeah sure it's it's once 1128 00:47:12,030 --> 00:47:09,819 you get the data it's a fairly 1129 00:47:14,250 --> 00:47:12,040 straightforward thing to do or what 1130 00:47:16,640 --> 00:47:14,260 we're looking for is Tracy mentioned 1131 00:47:19,410 --> 00:47:16,650 before these emission lines that you see 1132 00:47:21,660 --> 00:47:19,420 come from gas and come from star or 1133 00:47:23,940 --> 00:47:21,670 absorption lines come from stars in the 1134 00:47:26,130 --> 00:47:23,950 galaxy and so when we get a spectrum we 1135 00:47:29,250 --> 00:47:26,140 see a series of absorption features and 1136 00:47:31,890 --> 00:47:29,260 a series of emission features and what 1137 00:47:34,170 --> 00:47:31,900 we do is we know what wavelength we 1138 00:47:36,870 --> 00:47:34,180 would see them that if they were here on 1139 00:47:38,370 --> 00:47:36,880 earth and of course because they're not 1140 00:47:40,170 --> 00:47:38,380 here on earth and they're very far away 1141 00:47:42,270 --> 00:47:40,180 and their redshift that and they're 1142 00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:42,280 moving away from us the wavelengths that 1143 00:47:47,280 --> 00:47:44,410 we see them out has been shifted into 1144 00:47:48,930 --> 00:47:47,290 the red and so we simply compare all 1145 00:47:51,089 --> 00:47:48,940 those wavelengths that we know you know 1146 00:47:52,530 --> 00:47:51,099 all those features that we know the 1147 00:47:54,089 --> 00:47:52,540 wavelengths that we measure to the ones 1148 00:47:57,120 --> 00:47:54,099 we know they should be and that 1149 00:47:59,730 --> 00:47:57,130 difference is the red shift and and from 1150 00:48:01,349 --> 00:47:59,740 the red shift based on knowing stuff 1151 00:48:04,770 --> 00:48:01,359 about the way the universe expands we 1152 00:48:06,480 --> 00:48:04,780 can tell how far away it is right in a 1153 00:48:09,210 --> 00:48:06,490 another interesting part about this 1154 00:48:11,220 --> 00:48:09,220 whole thing is the the the fact that the 1155 00:48:12,510 --> 00:48:11,230 wavelengths eat what Tracy was talking 1156 00:48:14,190 --> 00:48:12,520 about earlier the fact that these stars 1157 00:48:17,910 --> 00:48:14,200 were burning bright in one way playing 1158 00:48:19,740 --> 00:48:17,920 as the as the the universe expanded and 1159 00:48:21,450 --> 00:48:19,750 they and they got further away they are 1160 00:48:23,430 --> 00:48:21,460 they shifted the wavelength of the light 1161 00:48:25,349 --> 00:48:23,440 into the lower wavelengths of infrared 1162 00:48:28,049 --> 00:48:25,359 which i think is it's always kind of 1163 00:48:31,470 --> 00:48:28,059 blows my mind a little bit so and so 1164 00:48:33,599 --> 00:48:31,480 when you have the to demote Tracy very 1165 00:48:35,039 --> 00:48:33,609 early onset is a two-dimensional image 1166 00:48:37,410 --> 00:48:35,049 you have this two-dimensional image 1167 00:48:40,319 --> 00:48:37,420 which gives you like x and y to get the 1168 00:48:43,079 --> 00:48:40,329 Z then you look at these red shifts and 1169 00:48:44,800 --> 00:48:43,089 depending on how close the cluster is 1170 00:48:46,930 --> 00:48:44,810 sometimes you can get enough 1171 00:48:49,480 --> 00:48:46,940 solution not only to tell that all those 1172 00:48:52,120 --> 00:48:49,490 objects have the same red shift and some 1173 00:48:54,280 --> 00:48:52,130 another object is in front because it's 1174 00:48:56,170 --> 00:48:54,290 not as far away sometimes you can 1175 00:48:57,760 --> 00:48:56,180 actually tell the individual motions 1176 00:48:59,260 --> 00:48:57,770 within their so you know how far away 1177 00:49:02,440 --> 00:48:59,270 and then they have a little little 1178 00:49:04,390 --> 00:49:02,450 little bit emotions relative to like the 1179 00:49:06,970 --> 00:49:04,400 central this big massive central thing 1180 00:49:08,440 --> 00:49:06,980 so it just depends on how far away it is 1181 00:49:10,420 --> 00:49:08,450 how much light it puts out the 1182 00:49:13,300 --> 00:49:10,430 resolution spectrograph all those 1183 00:49:15,280 --> 00:49:13,310 combinations but certainly telling a 1184 00:49:19,780 --> 00:49:15,290 foreground object from the cluster 1185 00:49:21,850 --> 00:49:19,790 object is is fairly straightforward yeah 1186 00:49:24,130 --> 00:49:21,860 that's actually what we do we do see 1187 00:49:25,780 --> 00:49:24,140 those extra little Wiggles on top of it 1188 00:49:27,730 --> 00:49:25,790 and those extra little Wiggles are the 1189 00:49:29,680 --> 00:49:27,740 galaxies moving around inside the 1190 00:49:32,440 --> 00:49:29,690 cluster and for measuring that that's 1191 00:49:33,940 --> 00:49:32,450 actually how much out how much mass is 1192 00:49:36,010 --> 00:49:33,950 in the cluster and that's how we know 1193 00:49:41,970 --> 00:49:36,020 this is you know 100 trillion Suns 1194 00:49:46,270 --> 00:49:41,980 worthless in the center of this cluster 1195 00:49:49,330 --> 00:49:46,280 okay uh Adam synergy I see you there 1196 00:49:52,570 --> 00:49:49,340 you're in a longtime viewer he's on the 1197 00:49:54,130 --> 00:49:52,580 the Google+ event page he's uh he's 1198 00:49:57,070 --> 00:49:54,140 saying that he's having trouble watching 1199 00:49:58,810 --> 00:49:57,080 on mrs. synergies ipad today is that 1200 00:50:00,640 --> 00:49:58,820 your real name synergy that's really 1201 00:50:02,320 --> 00:50:00,650 cool the Q&A app doesn't want to play 1202 00:50:06,010 --> 00:50:02,330 nicely so you folks have a day off from 1203 00:50:08,500 --> 00:50:06,020 my crazy questions so you guys got a 1204 00:50:10,150 --> 00:50:08,510 reprieve at UH gentleman tell me can get 1205 00:50:14,710 --> 00:50:10,160 us on Twitter but I've not seen him on 1206 00:50:17,680 --> 00:50:14,720 Twitter yet synergy I was I want that 1207 00:50:19,090 --> 00:50:17,690 last name okay okay well its got 1208 00:50:22,150 --> 00:50:19,100 anything else am I missing anything we 1209 00:50:25,030 --> 00:50:22,160 did you get a no that's anything's been 1210 00:50:26,560 --> 00:50:25,040 already asked or answered in the Hangout 1211 00:50:28,890 --> 00:50:26,570 it's been really great sparse our 1212 00:50:31,270 --> 00:50:28,900 interaction on there let me check 1213 00:50:33,340 --> 00:50:31,280 YouTube real quick to make sure we have 1214 00:50:35,170 --> 00:50:33,350 a missing thing over there I keep 1215 00:50:36,720 --> 00:50:35,180 forgetting to do that are you kidding we 1216 00:50:40,240 --> 00:50:36,730 solved all the mysteries in the universe 1217 00:50:43,170 --> 00:50:40,250 unless you're not work yeah unless an 1218 00:50:46,870 --> 00:50:43,180 hour absolutely we should get a bonus a 1219 00:50:50,770 --> 00:50:46,880 question oh no we should get wine served 1220 00:50:56,410 --> 00:50:50,780 to us well we don't it yeah I knew I the 1221 00:50:56,410 --> 00:50:56,420 Italian contingent oh maybe already 1222 00:51:02,300 --> 00:50:58,880 I'll continue their they're getting 1223 00:51:03,950 --> 00:51:02,310 ready I'm sure if no mention well we 1224 00:51:05,330 --> 00:51:03,960 didn't do it we didn't get our word for 1225 00:51:07,070 --> 00:51:05,340 the drinking game me at this time around 1226 00:51:08,450 --> 00:51:07,080 either but maybe next week okay well 1227 00:51:11,990 --> 00:51:08,460 folks I guess we're going to we're going 1228 00:51:14,540 --> 00:51:12,000 to call it there a Tracy Tracy web and 1229 00:51:16,130 --> 00:51:14,550 allison and and adam i want to thank all 1230 00:51:18,920 --> 00:51:16,140 of you for joining us today and sharing 1231 00:51:20,780 --> 00:51:18,930 with us your research on on this galaxy 1232 00:51:22,670 --> 00:51:20,790 cluster and hopefully when you get more 1233 00:51:24,530 --> 00:51:22,680 wavelengths you'll come back and and 1234 00:51:26,450 --> 00:51:24,540 should show us what you found or give us 1235 00:51:28,250 --> 00:51:26,460 an update on what's happening whoa can 1236 00:51:30,290 --> 00:51:28,260 we get will you do that for us sure 1237 00:51:32,920 --> 00:51:30,300 awesome great thank you so much okay 1238 00:51:36,110 --> 00:51:32,930 guys I guess that's it on behalf of 1239 00:51:37,550 --> 00:51:36,120 Scott Lewis Carroll Christian I want to 1240 00:51:39,830 --> 00:51:37,560 thank you all for watching we will be 1241 00:51:42,620 --> 00:51:39,840 back next week same Hubble time same 1242 00:51:44,390 --> 00:51:42,630 Hubble channel and come up with a new 1243 00:51:45,680 --> 00:51:44,400 Hubble name oh wait Hubble holics that 1244 00:51:48,020 --> 00:51:45,690 was mine i came up with that one this 1245 00:51:50,660 --> 00:51:48,030 week so still unfilled little toddlers i 1246 00:51:53,240 --> 00:51:50,670 know i'm still and i'm still a hubble 1247 00:51:57,860 --> 00:51:53,250 hugger yeah i know that's right hubble 1248 00:52:02,090 --> 00:51:57,870 hubble oh yeah right hablando Scoob 1249 00:52:04,730 --> 00:52:02,100 Londos ok thanks I think the word was 1250 00:52:08,420 --> 00:52:04,740 actually squishy squish all was that 1251 00:52:16,570 --> 00:52:08,430 hurt well we didn't we didn't come Tony 1252 00:52:21,950 --> 00:52:20,480 alright we're done thanks to all of you